Orisys Infotech

Perhaps the most commonly used definition is from ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute), one of the largest vendors of GIS software in the world:

" A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing things that exist and events that happen on earth. GIS technology integrates common database operations such as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits offered by maps. These abilities distinguish GIS from other information systems and make it valuable to a wide range of public and private enterprises for explaining events, predicting outcomes, and planning strategies. ”

Many GIS applications are based on vector technology, so vector formats are the most common. They are also the most complex because there are many ways to store coordinates, attributes, attribute linkages, database structures, and display information.

To get vector data the Analog (Paper or Mylar) maps are to be converted into Vector format. For this following procedure is adopted :

The Map is scanned in a scanner to get an image files. These image files are then Geo-referenced.

Digitization is done over these Geo-referenced raster in a GIS software to get vector data (Line, Point and Polygon).Different geographical features are converted to individual themes. In this way a Digital map is prepared from Analog map.

Raster to Vector Conversion Services

Raster images are scanned photos of any particular object. It may be map, it may be engineering drawing or simply any photo. raster files are available in different formats like; ".jpeg" .tiff" ".cals" "bmp" etc. In GIS, raster images are used to generate vector data(maps), from them, attach any external database to them, modify them, retrieve them as and when required, generate query, and analyze the maps based on the query and data, generate 3D view of the vector product for better conceptualization. GIS Database Development & Capture

Attribute Data Management

A Digital Map without relevant attribute data is of no use so data needs to be attached with different features. For example a polygon representing a lot should contain attribute data like Owner’s name, Address, Telephone No, Tax No etc .If the data base is previously prepared then each row of data needs to be attached with corresponding features. So these data base Preparation, Attachment, linking are done in this step. GIS software packages maintain internal links tying each graphical map entity to its attribute information. The nature of these links varies widely across systems. In some, the link is implicit, and the user has no control over it. Other systems have explicit links that the user can modify. Links in these systems take the form of database keys. Each map feature has a key value stored with it; the key identifies the specific database record that contains the feature's attribute information.

AM/FM utilities are branching out beyond the inventory and placement of assets and facilities needed for tracking. Now they need additional layers of information, such as customers, competitors, and operational performance of their networks, presented graphically to speed decision-making. Management of modern cities and urban centers requires resource information of the locality. Local government offices and private business managers need to have easy access to all types of public data for research and planning purposes. As GIS systems evolve and improve, new solutions offer greater functionality.

In an application of complete GIS a successful utility must take maximum advantage of each of its considerable resources, from people to equipment to information. Integrating geographic and other corporate data to make maximum use of this valuable asset has become absolutely vital. A GIS based system can be developed to manage this kind of information and to making it accessible to people throughout an organization. GIS technology gives various types of utility tools to analyse the information to get more customer-focused, more competitive result to compete in an ever-evolving marketplace. This type of mapping is used by Planning and development agencies and regulatory bodies: local, regional and state.

Remote sensing data processing

Geographic Analysis

Data integration and conversion are only a part of the input phase of GIS. What is required next is the ability to interpret and to analyze the collected information quantitatively and qualitatively. One of the most exciting aspects of GIS technology is the variety of different ways in which the information can be presented. Before commencing geographic analysis, one needs to assess the problem and establish an objective. The analysis requires step-by-step procedures to arrive at the conclusions. Following are some of the Geographical analysis :

Digital Terrain Modeling

It is the creation of a 3d model of a Geographical area .It represents the earth surface and its properties accurately with respect to its height from a reference level (eg sea level ). A digital terrain model can be viewed in two different ways :

Isolines join points of equal value(eg height) on a surface. The shading defines bands, including all heights, between the isolines.

Isometric models show the terrain in perspective so that the apparent height is proportional to the value of the point. Different Visualization techniques are used to project the model from different eye point.

Now a days one can not neglect internet so also GIS technology .GIS is now being implemented through internet which is known as Web-GIS. The basic aim of web GIS is getting all the functionalities & analytical capability of a Desktop GIS system through an internet browser. So a person does not need a GIS software but only a system with Internet browser with internet connection so that he can log on to a remote server & get all the data as well analysis. One of the simplest case of Web GIS is finding location with direction of a remote place through internet. Some of the more complex applications are : Automated Vehicle Tracking, Finding a suitable path between two points .etc.

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